Health Problems in Pakistan

Health Problems in Pakistan At the time of the independence, Pakistan inherited a health care delivery system that was a heritage of grand British period. This system was in the shape of public health services and some curative services In Pakistan the planning and formulation of health policies is dealt by federal government and the provincial government has the responsibility to ensure the proper implementation of those policies. Government is investing its limited resources in the development of medical colleges and universities rather than investing in improving the quality of health care by training medical professional by introducing public health schools and technicians training institutions. In Pakistan there is shortage of nurses, skilled midwives and birth attendants, dentists and pharmacists. The impact of government negligence towards health care on people of Pakistan can be seen from latest incident of Punjab.In Punjab many people have died after consuming harmful cough syrup and life threatening medicines. There is poor health care status of women which is a major reason of the problem of maternal mortality. A vast majority of women in the country suffer from anaemia and malnutrition which is quite dangerous during pregnancy. In the context of general neglect for health in Pakistan, the mental health represents an area of even greater neglect. The effect of poor public health system can be seen from the ever increasing cases of diarrhea especially in children. Therefore as a child may be dying of diarrhea there is high probability that childs father may be suffering from cardio-vascular disorders. Rich section of society has the better access to health facilities as they have more many and can afford private hospitals but poor on the other hand has no access to basic health facilities. The Government should ensure quality in delivering health services. It should provide better incentives to health professionals and should focus on designing training institutes to ensure the proper health care system in Pakistan as a healthy nation can ensure better productivity and healthy economy. Introduction: Access to health facilities is the basic responsibility of every citizen but unfortunately the Government of Pakistan has failed to fulfill its commitment with health sector. Hypothesis: Poor Public health care has negative effects on the people of Pakistan Brief History of the Health Care System At the time of the independence, Pakistan inherited a health care delivery system that was a heritage of grand British period. This system was in the shape of public health services and some curative services. It was basically designed to prevent large scale epidemic and provide medicinal services for the population in large and medium sized towns, many of which were along the lines of communication or political or strategic consequences. (1947-1955) during initial phase, most important foremost problem was the replacement of staff. With the support of UNICEF, BCG vaccination campaign was launched and to add more, medical schools were opened in the West Pakistan. Phase known as Five Year Plan from 1955 onwards, developmental activities were affected in phases of five year. Throughout (1955-1960) 1st Five Year Plan six new medical colleges were made, one for women were opened in both wings, a nursing school was attached to each of these medical schools. Postgraduate institution was also established at the same time. Throughout (1960-1965), 2nd Five Year Plan over the recommendation of a Medical Reform Commission, to cover 50000 populations by Rural Health Center scheme, two Health Technicians Training institutes were open, a malaria eradication program and family planning program were launched. Throughout 3rd Five Year Plan (1965-1970) in addition to extension of the abovementioned initiatives, l Tuberculosis Control Program and Small Pox eradication programs were launched and the major infrastructure of the public health care system was set up in the 1970. Launched by the World Health Organization Pakistan endorsed the health for all by 2000 initiative. Throughout 4th Five Year Plan (1970-1975), share of medicines was largely increased for major hospitals, generic name drug system was introduced to cut down the prices of medicines, eight publicly owned fair price drug shops were opened, three new nursing schools ,six new medical colleges , and one public health school were opened. (1978-1983) The 5th Five Year Plan was planned for 1975-1980, but to cover the deficiencies and to make a more practical plan, the slight shift was made. Under Country Health Program (CHP), that aimed at improving planning and management of health services was done. Throughout 6th Five Year Plan (1983-1988), government launched rural development program that provided base for Health for all by the year 2000. Throughout 7th Five Year Plan (1988-1993), new facilities like (Basic Health Units and Rural Health Centers) were established, female medical technician school was made, and laboratory facilities with health facilities were provided. Health facilities were linked with trained paramedics and semi-skilled termed as community health workers. (1993-1998) In 8th Five Year Plan (1993-1998), HMIS (Health management information system), SAP (Social action program), and Prime Minister Program for Family Planning and Primary Health Care were launched. Throughout 9th Five Year Plan (1998-2003) , public private partnership and privatization of health facilities were the areas of programming, Decentralized Planning, Levying user charges for financing were made. In latest initiatives taken by government it has planned to create Programmatic and Organizational and Management Reforms. These are to promote elimination of poverty agenda of government, under health sector reforms, devolution has acquired immediate importance and major impetus is on district health system. The Health care Policy of Pakistan considers health sector investment as a part of governments Poverty Reduction Plan. It gives more importance to primary and secondary health services in comparison to tertiary level health services in the past. To achieve quality in health sector government is making little efforts to improve governance in health sector. Organizational structure of public health care system According to the constitution of Pakistan health care is mainly the responsibility of provincial governments, except in the territories administered by federal government. The planning and formulation of health policies is dealt by federal government and the provincial government has the responsibility to ensure the proper implementation of those policies. The responsibility of the implementation of some vertical programs on AIDS and malaria, and extended program of immunization rests largely with the federal Ministry of Health. Health care sector in Pakistan consist of private and public sector. The private sector serves nearly 70% of the population, is primarily a fee for service system and covers the range of health care provision from trained allopathic physicians to faith healers operating in the informal private sector. Neither private, nor non government sectors work within a regulatory framework and very little information is available regarding the extent of human, physical, and financial resources involved. The public sector consists of more than 10,000 health facilities ranging from Basic Health Units (BHUs) to tertiary referral canters. Currently Basic Health Unit covers around 10,000 people on the other hand the larger Rural Health Centers (RHCs) cover around 30000-450000 people. In Pakistan, Primary Health Care (PHC) units consist of both BHUs and RHCs. At sub district level the Tehsil Headquarters Hospital covers the population while the District Headquarters Hospital serves a district as its name suggests. At present there are 22 Health Systems Profile- Pakistan Regional Health Systems Observatory- EMRO 28 tertiary care facilities in Pakistan, which are mostly teaching institutions located in the major cities. According to a study less than 30 % of the population has the access to the facilities of the PHC units and on average every person visits a PHC facility less than once a year. The reasons for their underutilization, as recognized by both the managers and consumers, are the lack of health care professionals and specially women, high rates of absenteeism, poor quality of services and inconvenient location of PHC Units. There are many organizations like the Pakistan Army, railways, departments of local government and many other independent organizations that are providing healthcare facilities to their employees and those employees form a major portion of the population. In Pakistan the planning for health care system has three main parts which includes a formal planning which resolves around the production of 5-15 year long term plans, short-term plans (ADP) and annual recurrent budgets. The Federal Ministry of Planning and Development which is commonly known as the Planning Commission in Pakistan is mainly responsible for long term and strategic planning of health care system and the Provincial Health Departments and the Ministry Of Health design their plans in line with the overall policies of the Planning Commission. Development of appropriate plans requires the clear knowledge and understanding of heath related issues and the needs of the society and the knowledge of indicators of social development. Evaluation of needs for health care programmes in Pakistan is usually based on the size of the population in a particular area. Unfortunately the government does not take seriously the detailed needs of those areas. There are many flaws in the implementation of healthcare programs and there is discrimination as well on the basis of locality. In posh areas people have better health care facilities. Villages At present the public health sector generates insignificant amount of resources through token user charges. The key source of financing of the public sector in Pakistan is the government. Through Annual Development Plans (ADPs) capital investment in the public sector is financed. The Annual Development Plans (ADPs) include external funding derived from foreign aid (overseas funding) from both bilateral and multilateral organizations. It is the responsibility of federal government to finances the development budgets of provincial governments. The provinces are independent when it comes to the allocation of funds over different sectors. As far as the non development budgets of provincial governments are concerned then those budgets are funded by provincial government revenues though the Federal Government covers existing deficits through non essential grants. Even though public sector expenditure on health has remained less than 1% of GNP for a long time, per capita health expenditures have improved a great deal in last decades. The sum total of percentage of GNP that government spends on the healthcare in Pakistan ranges between 3 and 4 percent with 2-3 percent of GNP directed towards private healthcare. Human Resource condition in Pakistans health sector: There is a shortage of clear sustainable vision for human resource development and the federal MOH or provincial DOH does not have a unit, responsible for such an important health system function. There is gender discrimination in health sector. Females are given priority when it comes to nursing. We hardly see male nurses. Government is investing its limited resources in the development of medical colleges and universities rather than investing in improving the quality of health care by training medical professional by introducing public health schools and technicians training institutions. Even though there is a increasing interest to address the problems in human resource in medicine in Pakistan including shortage of nurses, skilled midwives and birth attendants, dentists and pharmacists the future planning for tackling these issues of medical health concerning health professionals and their abilities in the countries is still unclear and the government is still unable to pinpoint the major areas of problem. Recently the Government of Pakistan has started a new national program for the training of community midwives by actually investing on it. The program has been launched to address the issue of incompetent and untrained midwives which are pretty dangerous to health sector. The government has announced that the first batch of trained community midwives will be ready soon. . Many new nursing and midwifery schools have also been launched by government in some districts and provinces. There are some academic institutes that are providing post graduate training in nursing in order to relieve the disaster in nursing which is generated by limited production and external brain drain. In the framework of health system development, there is an alarming shortage of skilled and qualified healthcare experts like human resource planners in health sector, health information experts, heath care system managers and healthcare economists. The governments ability to train the staff members is pretty limited to non-existent in the country. Unfortunately government is unable to fully train the medical staff and is still playing with the life of people. As far as the pre-service training of health experts is concerned conventional methods are being followed and there is a difference between educational objectives which are highlighted on hospital based care instead of addressing the needs of the communities for primitive, defensive curative and rehabilitative services. Due to many institutional ad professional reasons like lack of interest from the PMDC the attempts to establish strong rules and approaches including COME (community oriented medical education) have not been successful in medical schools . Another reason of its failure is the weak department of public health in medical schools and lack of commitment of government and heads of medical institutes. The Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC) has the responsibility of registration, licensing and assessment of the medical and dental practitioners, curriculum review, evaluation and approval of educational institutions. It is also responsible for many other regulatory activities. It has proved to be inefficient in its working by issuing license to the incompetent dental and medical practitioners which are practicing in the health sector. The role and responsibility of PMDC is questioned by the Ministry of health as it is unable to perform its functions well. It is not fulfilling its commitment to the health sector. The ministry of health has so far not taken any corrective measures in this regard. It is just asking questions and not finding answers which should be its priority. There is no system of structured continuous professional development and there is no way by which a medical professional is held responsible for its incompetence. Although the PMDC has made some attempts but they have not been materialized yet. The attempts made by PMDC have not materialized yet. There is a shortage of public health and community direction in the programs of medical and nursing schools. Graduates of these schools are not well prepared to practice in a public health care atmosphere while these needs are most important. Some organizations and medical schools have recently started course in nursing like Aga Khan University Hospital has recently started a degree program in nursing but we all know that it operates in private sector not in public sector. In 1990 under the Family Health Projects to develop programs a network of 4 provincial and 60 district health development centers was established for in service training of staff. These centers have not been properly institutionalized beyond their project life and seem to fade out gradually. Homeopathic doctors and Yunani Hakims became almost non-existent under the regulation of private practitioners and different traditional categories of medical practices. Data on various categories of professionals are limited and fragmented. This situation is affected by the fact that registration is not up to date and in some cases professionals are practicing their work without being getting registered. However Pakistan is gifted with important training and research institutions and highly qualified professionals who can add in the design and implementation of a well expressed policy and strategies for human resource development. Young doctors Association- Punjab: The young doctors association in Punjab has been laying great pressure over government since last year to accept their demands. On 8th November 2012 the representatives of the Punjab government, including Adviser of the CM Salman Rafiq, chief secretary and health secretary they give surety to the YDA office-bearers that the CM would issue a notification about acceptance of demands within 48 hours, said YDA General Council Punjab Chairman Dr. Muhammad Haroon. He further said that the demands have been accepted by the government of the YDA regarding termination of an FIR drawn against four young doctors in the first week of July this year in Lahore during the young doctors strike that remained intact for 21 days. But the doctors are again showing their stubborn and non-professional attitude towards ailing humanity, as they are not continuing their duties by staying away from the government hospitals across the province of Punjab including Lahore. On Friday, the third day of protest they continued to press the government to immediately release all the arrested doctors and also pull out cases registered against them regarding Gujranwala incident (ÂÂ  Young doctors got beaten and injured the DHQ Hospital medical superintendent, senior doctors and journalists during their protestÂÂ  ). The young doctors have boycotted the out-patient departments, indoor departments and operation theatres as well as the OPDs. However emergencies are still functional, due to these patients are suffering. This time, not only patients but senior doctors, civil society and people from other walks of life are criticizing the young doctors for their wrong approach. They blamed the bureaucracy for playing politics with them and have asked the provincial government to stop harassing young doctors through registration of cases against them. Punjab Government decided to suspend and transfer young doctors: The Punjab government recently has released notifications regarding the suspension and transfer of many leaders of the Young Doctors Association (YDA). Healthcare facilities were restored in all government hospitals and the young doctors resumed their duties all over Punjab after the association gave a deadline of six days to the provincial government to accept their demands.ÂÂ  YDA doctors have warned the provincial government that they would go on strike again if their service structure is restored. Gujrawala incident has no justification where annoyed doctors over the arrest of the young doctors YDA leaders slammed into the office of Gujranwala District Headquarters Hospital medical superintendent and beat him up along with some journalists trying to cover the incident after that the YDA went on strike.ÂÂ   The Pakistan Medical Association and the Punjab government planned some strict measures against these young doctors and they had to give up for the doctors responsible for the manhandling of the MS and the strike was brought to an end. National Health Policy: Health policyÂÂ  can be defined as the decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specificÂÂ  health careÂÂ  goals within a society.According to theÂÂ  World Health Organization, an explicit health policy can achieve several things: it defines a vision for the future; it outlines priorities and the expected roles of different groups; and it builds consensus and informs people. National Health Policy Gillanis views: On 22nd April 2012 the former Prime Minister of Pakistan Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani said that the effective and sustained implementation of the National Health Policy 2010 would go a long way in meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MGDs).The National Health Policy incorporates key priorities such as family planning, maternal and child health, workforce development and meeting the Millennium Development Goals by 2015, he said while speaking at the inauguration of the newly expanded and renovated Accident andÂÂ   Emergency Department of Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre (JPMC). The Governor Dr. Ishrat-ul- Ebad Khan, Chief Minister Syed Qaim Ali Shah, Parliamentarians, CMs Special Assistant Waqar Mehdi, Sindh Chief Secretary Abdus Subhan Memon were also present on that occasion. Yousuf Raza Gilani said that the National Health PolicyÂÂ  has been formulated on the basis ofÂÂ  recommendations by the Health Policy Task Force in consultation with all key stakeholders.ÂÂ  He further added that the health sector has traditionally beenÂÂ  a neglected area and it did not receive theÂÂ  attention it rightfully deserved. The vast vacuumÂÂ  existing between policy decision-making and operational levels impacted adversely upon the delivery of health related services.ÂÂ   The systematic flaws of our mixed health infrastructureÂÂ  resulted in wastage of resources, duplication of work and inability of health institutions responsible for spearheading the reform agenda.ÂÂ   The broader structural dimensions such as decentralization, efficiency, economical use of resources and mechanisms of social protection were also ignored, he remarked.ÂÂ  He said thatÂÂ  in 2008, he had ordered the establishment of a Health Policy Task Force to design institutional response to the problems of the health sector.ÂÂ   He announced an additional grant of Rs 55 million for the remaining work ofÂÂ   the on- going renovation and expansion project of JPMC for taking this immense project to a logical conclusion.ÂÂ   He said the abolition of the Concurrent List from the Constitution after the unanimous passage of the 18th Amendment and historic adoption of the National Finance Commission (NFC) Award has empowered the provinces politically, administratively and financially. Health and Education are now purely provincial subjects and it isÂÂ  for the provinces to rise to the occasion and make the differenceÂÂ  through innovative methods of implementation of policies.ÂÂ   I would like to urge the provinces to focus on building their capacity for effective delivery of health services at the grassroots level, Syed Yousuf Raza Gilani said.ÂÂ   Stating the Quaid-e-Azams message at Eid-ul-Azha on October 24, 1947 the Gillani read Let us mobilize all our resources in a systematic and organized way and tackle the grave issues that confront us with grim determination and discipline worthy of a great nation.ÂÂ   Talking about the demand of JPMC staff for maintaining the status of the hospital as an independent body under the federal government, he said that he will ask the Chairman Implementation Commission Senator Raza Rabbani to visit the federal hospitals and discuss the issues with the Chief Minister, Governor and the administration. He appreciated the efforts and services of Executive Director JPMC Tasneem Ahsan and incharge of Emergency Department Dr. Seemi Jamali for achieving the goal of making the best and biggest A E department in a public sector institution in this country.ÂÂ   He said the Hospital has lived up to the expectations of people by responding to the health-related challenges, which should be encouraging for the management and staff of the JPMC.ÂÂ   Of late, Karachi, the financial hub of Pakistan, has witnessed the recurring incidents of terrorism and terrible bomb blasts.ÂÂ   The Hospital and its staff have commendably responded to the challenge of tending to the injured and thus added a glowing chapter of dedicated service, he said. His final remarks were: The people of Karachi are rightfully proud of you. Health Service Delivery in Pakistan: The infrastructure of public health service delivery of Pakistan consist of 5000 basic health units, 600 rural health centres, 7500 other first-level care facilities and over 100 000 lady health workers which are providingÂÂ  basic health careÂÂ  services across the country. As far as secondary care hospitals are concerned then there are 989 hospitals, atÂÂ  tehsilÂÂ  and districtÂÂ  levels which are responsible for the referrals. The responsibility of provincial department of health has increases after the devolution plan in health. Extensive WHO support for capacity-building is required to ensure that the provincial health authorities canÂÂ  deliver at the expected level to improve health conditions,ÂÂ  especiallyÂÂ  for population groups with the least access to health. The role of lady health workers: Through the deployment of 110 000 lady health workers covering almost 60% to 65% of the target population the community involvement has become a major feature of the extension of health care services to rural areas and urban slums Government has established the lady health worker programme. The main goals of the program are enhancement of maternal, newbornÂÂ  and child health, provision of family planning services and the integration of other vertical health programmes. For independent Expanded Programme on Immunization vaccinations lady health workers have been trained in selected districts Without recognizing the importance of family planning component, increasing competencies and skills of lady health workers, increasing their knowledge about health issues, sustained logistics and more robust management oversight and support we cannot guarantee the proper performance and quality of such programs. In the context of devolution the long term commitment and honesty for better service deliveryÂÂ  and capacity building of theÂÂ  lady health workersÂÂ  is required. Basic health services package: The WHO has undertaken the responsibility of development and costing of the basic health services package in Pakistan. The goal of which was to implement consistent integratedÂÂ  chief health care in first-level care facilities. This goalÂÂ  was associated to the draft of national health policy (2010)ÂÂ  for national implementation connected to overall approval of the policy. The concept of basic health services package has been implemented in Punjab as minimum service delivery standards. Nevertheless, Government needs to determine theÂÂ  requirements for the implementation of the basic health services package, including a costing examination.ÂÂ  This may also be a supporter for development of the total funding distribution of health in Pakistan. Private health care: Through a network of private providers the private health care sector accounts for 70%-80% of health care delivery.ÂÂ  On the other hand deficiency of standards and quality of care at all levels of service delivery andÂÂ  the lack of regulation compromise health care delivery outcomes in this sector. Effects of poor public health system on the people of Pakistan: The lack of information is one factor that hinders the Poor peoples use of health services. Poor access to social networks, inadequate services, and inability to pay are some of the other factors. Due to poverty and lack of awareness the lower income group of the society is compelled adopt inappropriate health seeking behaviors such as selecting a low standard hospital, untrained health care provider, self medication or even the discontinuation of treatment because of their low salaries and shortage of money. These actions worsen the financial and health status of the patient, thus creating a vicious cycle.ÂÂ   To afford the treatment such as major surgeries patients are forced to take loans. They adopt ex-post strategies. These are strategies to deal with the financial consequences of ill health including the costs of healthcare and loss of wage and production due to illness. Some people sell productive assets. These strategies reduce the saving capacity of individuals. People are usually compelled to sell their properties, cars and other furniture to save the lives of their loved ones as the quality treatment is pretty expensive. If you want a good doctor then you will have to pay a fortune for it. Some effects of poor health care system in Pakistan on its nation are stated below: Life threatening Drugs: The impact of government negligence towards health care on people of Pakistan can be seen from latest incident of Punjab. In Punjab 36 people have died so far, 25 of these in Gujranwala, whereas many are apparently in a very sensitive condition due to the consumption of harmful cough syrup during the last few weeks in the most populous province Punjab. ÂÂ   According to Medical Superintendent of District Head Quarter Hospital Dr Anwar Amanullah, 21 persons were brought from different areas who had consumed the alleged toxic cough syrup and drugs excessively. Seventeen out of 21 died including the former Councilor of Nadi Pur Town, Chaudhry Irfan. ÂÂ   It was the second wave of deaths from apparent cough syrup abuse since just over a month ago when up to 19 people died in Lahore. ÂÂ   In spite of the deaths in Lahore being highlighted by the media, the syrup was being sold without prescription at medical stores across Punjab. After drinking the syrup, the men fell unconscious and were brought to hospital. Doctors referred some of them to Mayo Hospital in Lahore. ÂÂ   Relatives of some of those who died alleged that many medical store owners were selling the killer syrup without asking for prescriptions. Effect on women: Another effect of poor condition of health sector in Pakistan is on women. It is difficult to measure the number of women who die while giving birth in Pakistan. The maternal mortality in Pakistan is expected to be anywhere in the range of 190 to 1,700 deaths per 100,000 live births whereas a 1990 estimate gives the national maternal mortality rate as 340. The continuing tragedy of maternal deaths in Pakistan is brought home in the analysis by Prof. S. Jafarey and Kotejos study of the women who were brought dead to one of the premier health institutions in the country. The major reasons cited by the study were delay in seeking care due to socio-cultural factors and inadequate medical services at the first-care level. These women did not come from some hard to reach corner of Balochistan, but these women lost their lives right in Karachi, literally within a stones throw from some of the most sophisticated tertiary care hospitals in the country.ÂÂ   In Pakistan we can see that there is poor heath care status of women which is a major reason of the problem of maternal mortality. A vast majority of women in the country suffer from anaemia and malnutrition which is quite dangerous during pregnancy. Supplements are very expensive and the women of low income group are unable to afford it. Many women are unable to recognize never their full growth potential which puts them at high risk of obstetrics difficulties. Higher fertility rates, child birth at early ages and high parity and negligent care of high risk pregnancies multiply their risks of sickness and death. (S. Mahmud and A. Aslam, Maternal Mortality in Pakistan: Policy Strategy). In most of the cases these kind of women die while giving birth which sometimes results in the death of new born as well. Some of the women in developing countries like Pakistan are affected by injuries and disabilities during pregnancy and childbirth. Most of these injuries go unspoken and untreated. It becomes unbearable for the women to live with such injuries as they are painful, humiliating and permanent. This results in the long t

Greek and Roman Humanities: Roman Games Essay

1) Explain the purpose and importance of the games in Roman society. Please use examples from the website to illustrate your points. The games in Roman society evolved from religious observances and religious rites, the purposes of which over time became lost to the Romans themselves. By the time the religious rites had evolved into theatrical performances and the circus, the importance of the games to Roman society had become very much like the importance of sports and entertainment in modern American society. The Romans enjoyed the spectacle of the games, gambled on them, developed complicated rules and had entire economic networks built into the games. Although â€Å"at first the games of the early Roman republic had religious significance,† (Games) the later games were † purely for entertainment† (Games). The influence of the games ran from the highest to the lowest levels of Roman society. Attendance at the games was considered a right of a Roman citizen and each of the games, such as chariot racing or gladiators had loyal fans and expert â€Å"critics† — when it came to something like chariot racing, â€Å"The public adored the top drivers. They were quite literally comparable to modern day sports stars. † (Games) 2) Considering the brutal nature of what took place in the Colosseum, what impact do you think the games had on the morality of the average Roman? Although the games were very violent and often brutal, they were far more popular for the Romans than the more refined entertainment of the theater. The story told by the playwright Terence shows just how popular the brutal entertainments were in Roman society; when: â€Å"a festival held in honour of the deceased Lucius Aemilius Paulus in 160 BC. Terence’s comedy The mother in law was being staged and all was going well, when suddenly someone in the audience was heard saying that the the gladiatorial fights were about to begin. Within minutes his audience had disappeared† (Games). I think it is likely that the games’ influence on Roman society was to make it more difficult for sophisticated entertainment to get mass attention much as it is in modern society. More people watch pro wrestling and NASCAR than go to the ballet or buy books of poetry. The overall Roman culture was probably a bit de-sensitized to violence like our own culture. 3) Many people believe that modern America is a mirror image of ancient Rome during the imperial era. How does our entertainment – choose any type you wish – compare to the types offered in ancient Rome? What parallels are there? What differences exist? Please use examples from the website and your personal experience to illustrate your points. Much of American entertainment relies on violence as much as the Roman games. There are many violent movies, violent video games, and violent television shows. The big difference is that American culture uses purely theatrical and make-believe violence whereas Roman society actually performed violent acts up to and including violent murder and torture. Most violent entertainment in modern society does not involve lethal force nor does it include wide-spread betting on the probable death of people. In Rome, † quite naturally, there was a huge amount of betting surrounding the races† (Games) and this is much different than in modern society where corporate sponsors use the athletes to promote International conglomerates rather than emrely betting on them. 4) In your opinion, which group of people – Romans living in the imperial era or modern Americans – are more depraved? Please use examples from both the website and your personal experience to illustrate your points. In my opinion, the Romans were far more depraved than modern Americans. Not only for the bloodshed against humans that they enacted for entertainment, but for their wholesale murder and abuse of animals: â€Å"tigers, panthers and lions were let out of cages to be confronted in long and dangerous chases by armed gladiators. Bulls and rhinoceroses were first brought to a rage, much like in a Spanish bullfight, before they were met their hunters† (Games). Additionally, the Romans were so depraved, they staged mock-wars and actual crucifixions for entertainment. Work Cited Anonymous, â€Å"The Games† www. roman-empire. net 5th July 2007. http://www. roman-empire. net/society/soc-games. html 2 pages 1 source MLA Log on to the following web site: http://www. roman-empire. net/society/soc-games. html and read about the Roman games and their importance in Roman society. After you have completed the reading, respond to the following: 1) Explain the purpose and importance of the games in Roman society. Please use examples from the website to illustrate your points. 2) Considering the brutal nature of what took place in the Colosseum, what impact do you think the games had on the morality of the average Roman? 3) Many people believe that modern America is a mirror image of ancient Rome during the imperial era. How does our entertainment – choose any type you wish – compare to the types offered in ancient Rome? What parallels are there? What differences exist? Please use examples from the website and your personal experience to illustrate your points. 4) In your opinion, which group of people – Romans living in the imperial era or modern Americans – are more depraved? Please use examples from both the website and your personal experience to illustrate your points.

The Profession Of Nursing Values Of Honesty, Dignity,...

The profession of nursing embodies values intrinsic in those who seek nursing as a career. The core values of honesty, dignity, integrity, and autonomy enable nurses to provide unparalleled health care in the most professional manner (Price Hall, 2013). Nurses throughout history have held the reputation as front runners of healthcare, and often, the faces of hope. A trusted relationship between patient and nurse developed throughout history by the nurse upholding a respected professional image and nursing identity (Willetts G., Clarke D. 2012). It is through professional dress, demeanor, and dialect that character is recognized by those in which the nurse interacts. In order for nursing to remain a respected profession, it is the responsibility of nurses worldwide to maintain a professional image. As Bargagliotti (2014, p.23) stated, how nursing is perceived inside and outside of the health care system directly affects how successful nurses will be in coordinating patient care . By maintaining a professional attitude at all times the public is ensured that the nurse will provide safe, precise, and exceptional healthcare. It is important to remember contemporary professionalism is not a novel concept. Nursing professionalism is an essential component of health care introduced by the works of Florence Nightingale during the Victorian era (Bargagliotti 2014). Professional image is a vital element of nursing and without a positive representation, society is hesitantShow MoreRelatedNursing Profession: The Five Integral Components of Nursing Practice873 Words   |  4 PagesThere are five integral components to nursing practice that reinforce the framework of the nursing profession. The conceptual framework pillars are the following: Caring, Communication, Critical Thinking, Professionalism and Holism. 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According to Jennings (2012), Burnout was created by Freudenberger in 1974, and is â€Å"conceptualized as a syndrome characterized by emotionalRead MoreMy Journey Through Nursing Transitions1907 Words   |  8 Pages My Journey Through Nursing Transitions Jodi Hinderliter Viterbo University My Journey Through Nursing Transitions As I started by Bachelors of Science Nursing (BSN) program, I was very apprehensive about things that I was going to learn. I felt that I was already a very good nurse, and that obtaining my BSN was just paperwork. Little did I know how much I would learn in the first class, Nursing Transitions, at Viterbo University. I have learned that obtaining my BSN will enhance not only myRead MoreNursing Ethics1477 Words   |  6 PagesNursing Ethics Why am I here? As a nurse, the cornerstone of my vocation is that of healing and comforting. As a human being first and as a nurse, I have always had a burning desire to perfect nature. This, I have shared with other scientists who have gone great lengths in their methodical pursuit of useful knowledge to make their dreams real. I have always endeavored to shield scientific inquiry from utilitarian purposes (Presidents Council on Bio-Ethics, 2009). Personal values and culture

The Responsibility of Multinational Corporations to Promote Human Rights and the Environment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1408 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Do multinational corporations have a responsibility under international law to promote human rights and the environment in the countries where they do their business? Introduction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Multinational corporationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (MNCs)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which can be defined as the companies run the business and set up the factories away from the place they are located.[1] MNCs have a considerable influence on global economy with the spread of technology and development of deep globalization. They enlarge the scope of their business to strengthen domestic structure and develop overseas subsidiaries.[2] Although MNCs can bring greater benefits to societies, it may infringe human rights and destroy the environment in the countries where their subsidiaries and plants sited. MNCs might argue that they only have responsibility to their business for earnings, and the business will advantage local communities by investment and job opportunities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Responsibility of Multinational Corporations to Promote Human Rights and the Environment" essay for you Create order Thus, they will consider the benefit firstly rather than human rights or environment. Nevertheless, with the concepts of human rights and environmental protection changes, MNCs should be regulated to entail the duties of human rights and environment.[3] The subjects of international law Even though there are various international conventions and treaties about protection of human rights and environment, however, MNCs seem not to be bound by these international regulations directly since they do not have international legal personality. The arguments of whether or not MNCs can become the subjects of international law that they can acquire international rights and owe corresponding duties, also have ability to bring international claims. Traditional theory of international law is restricted to sovereign states, but it is noteworthy that the range of subjects of international law have gradual broadened since the importance of international organisations and human rights increase s ignificantly. Though MNCs play a role in international relations, they have not been given international legal personality yet by considering the advantages and disadvantages.[4] Instead of focusing on the argument of MNCs legal personality, many scholars suggest paying attention to the international rights and obligations which MNCs shall possess and obey. As the question of whether MNCs have the rights and duties under international law, in actual fact, MNCs now have particular rights under several international law such as international investment law and human rights law, MNCs can bring international claims and get compensation, they also have freedom of speech and receive free trial. MNCs should be obligated to undertake international responsibilities while they enjoy these rights.[5] The development of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Despite MNCs have not been recognised as a traditional subject of international law, however, considering the influences of MNCs on s ocial and environment, the existing international law cannot respond and provide appropriate regulations to MNCs promptly, international law should have been adjusted to harmonise with the changes. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"corporate social responsibilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (CSR) are developed with the intention of responding the gaps between the regulations.[6] The definition of CSR could be that the companies should be in charge of the influences on societies which exerted by themselves. The value of CSR has been noticed internationally, it links the relationship between society, environment, human rights and business operations together.[7] Since the scope of MNCs operation are cross-border which cover various countries and they are mostly in a beneficial position, they should take a wide range of responsibility.[8] MNCs and The human rights Human rights has become one of international issue since 1945 which has been emphasised in UN charter about the faith of human rights[9], t hese rights are inherent and inalienable which provided to all human beings without any discrimination, they are connected and cannot be divided. The protection of general human rights are mostly stipulated and regulated by law no matter how the formation of treaties or other forms.[10] Traditional notions of that government should be under obligation to human rights protection, but it is undeniable that the importance of MNCs has grown substantially. Therefore, there are numerous arguments occurred that whether the MNCs should be liable for protecting human rights. For the purpose of responding to the great impact of MNCs, the range of human rights that MNCs are responsible for the protection has been discussed and established continuously. The protection of human rights for MNCs which they can bring the international proceedings against other nations or firms in an international stage, companies can be on behalf of themselves to attend the judges and have the rights to express their opinion freely,[11]referring to European Convention on Human Rights Article 34 which indicates that not only individuals, but non-governmental organisations and groups can be entitled to claim that their rights are infringed before European Court of Human Rights.[12] According to the evolution of human rights, there are two forms of human rights which are individual rights and collective rights,[13] these two types of human rights should be held in respective esteem by MNCs. Individual human rights Individual rights are the acknowledged fact and assured fundamentals those are given to all person separately.[14] It not merely encompasses civil and political rights but includes economic, social and cultural rights by virtue of International Covenant on Civil[15] and Political Rights and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights[16], these rights are inherent and inalienable. Additionally, referring to The Universal Declaration of Human rights, these rights should be respected by all people and nations and every part of society.[17] Collective human rights Collective rights are formed by a group or community no matter whether they are majority or minority groups, even a country. The individuals cannot enjoy the collective rights separately, it should be shared with other people.[18] MNCs and environment More attention has been paid to the global environment issues to the public, the destruction of ecology and environment caused by humankind is undoubted. Especially under the development of free trade, the conflict between trade and environment has arose massively. The root causes of environment degradation are not only international trade but structure change, the transfer of pollution from developed countries to developing countries by investing and shifting the manufacturing industries.[19] For the reason that MNCs control and deal with the majority of global economic activities as production, management and distribution of the business. They should be held accountable for the continuous degradation and engaged in promoting p rotection of environment.[20] It is necessary to regulate the behaviour of MNCs by law in order to solve these environmental problems. Conclusion Although MNCs are not strongly regulated and bound by International law, however, with the expansion of environmental concept and human rights, it could be expected that MNCs should have more responsibility for human rights protection and environmental maintenance in order to reach sustainable development for human, companies and whole society. 1 [1] Jan Wouters and Anna-Luise ChanÃÆ' ©, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Multinational Corporations in International Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2013) Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies Working Paper 129 www.globalgovernancestudies.eu accessed 5 November 2014 [2] GÃÆ' ¡bor Hunya, The Role of Multinational Companies in International Business Integration (2012) The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies Research Report 384 https://wiiw.ac.at/wiiw-research-reports-ps-2.html accessed 31 October 2014 [3] Panda Barcelona, Multinational Corporations And Human Rights Violations: Call For Rebuilding The Laws Of Twenty-First Century (2013) 20 Journal of Financial Crime 422 [4] Jan Wouters and Anna-Luise ChanÃÆ' © (n 1) [5] Pentikainen Merja, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Changing international à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Subjectivityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and rights and obligations under international law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" status of corporationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2012) 8 Utrecht Law Review 145 [ 6] Jennifer A. Zerk, Multinationals and Corporate Social Responsibility: Limitations and Opportunities in International Law (Cambridge University Press 2006). [7] European Commission, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) https://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sustainable-business/corporate-social-responsibility/index_en.htm accessed 10 November 2014. [8] Ivar Kolstad, Corporate Social Responsibility of Multinational Corporations (2007) 6 CMIBRIEF. [9] United Nations, Charter of the United Nations (1945) https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/preamble.shtml accessed 1 November 2014 [10] United Nations Human rights, What Are Human Rights (1996) https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Pages/WhatareHumanRights.aspx accessed 30 October 2014. [11] Jan Wouters and Anna-Luise ChanÃÆ' © (n 1) [12] European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Rome, 4 November 1950, in force 3 September 1953. [13] Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theor y of Minority Rights (1st edn, Oxford University Press 1995) https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/ accessed 6 November 2014 [14] Franciszek Przetacznik, Individual Human Rights In John Lockes Two Treatises of Government (1978) 25 Netherlands International Law Review 195 [15] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, UNGA 2200A (XXI), December 1966, in force 23 March 1976 [16] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, UNGA 2200A (XXI), December 1966, into force 3 January 1976 [17] The Universal Declaration of Human rights, UNGA 217A (III) 10 December 1948 [18] Franciszek Przetacznik (n14) [19] HÃÆ' ¥kan NordstrÃÆ' ¶m and Scott Vaughan, Trade and Environment (WTO Publications 1999). [20] Nazli Choucri, The Global Environment Multinational Corporations (1991) 94(3) Technology Review 52

Outline Of A Thesis Statement - 2067 Words

Outline THESIS STATEMENT: Individuals who are found guilty of vehicular manslaughter should be sentenced to a minimum of ten years in prison I: Introduction i. Definition of vehicular manslaughter ii. Causes of vehicular manslaughter iii. Sentences for various charges if found guilty II: Body i. The punishments for vehicular homicide according to different states ii. Common penalties if found guilty iii. Why these penalties are not sufficient enough iv. Arguments against justifiable homicide v. Why vehicle manslaughter victims get few years in prison vi. the problem of issuing a less stiff sentence to the offenders vii. Opposing arguments against the thesis statement viii. weighing between preventive measures and strict laws in solving the problem of vehicular homicide III: Conclusion i. Restatement of the thesis statement ii. Concluding remarks on why we need to issue more than ten years of sentences to offenders of vehicular manslaughter Individuals who are found guilty of vehicular manslaughter should serve not less than ten years in jail Vehicular homicide is an offense that, in general, encompasses the death of a person other than the driver due to criminal, recklessness or deadly operation of a vehicle. When the vehicular homicide is unintentional, one is convicted of vehicular manslaughter or reckless assault. Vehicular manslaughter occurs when a person carelessly causes the death of another individual using of any kind of motorShow MoreRelatedOutline Of A Thesis Statement3601 Words   |  15 PagesThesis / Claim Station: Your claim or thesis statement is the most important part of your argumentative essay. It is the sentence where you state your main argument and outline how you will prove it. There are many ways to structure a thesis statement, but we will work on one specific model: counter-claim-reasons (CCR). Here is an example: Although surveillance cameras may be expensive, schools should install them because they increase safety, reduce vandalism, and keep both teachers and studentsRead MoreOutline Of A Thesis Statement Essay1051 Words   |  5 PagesSpecific Purpose: To persuade Thesis Statement: Nurse practitioners should perform primary care and treat minor illness to reduce cost, improve time effectiveness and to reach those who are underinsured or uninsured in community. I. Introduction A. Attention getter: How would you like to get the same or better primary care with lower bill for your healthcare services, improve the community health status or reduce homeless? B. Introduce topic and motivate audience: The healthcare cost hasRead MoreCom176 outline and thesis statement1246 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿University of Phoenix Material Outline and Thesis Statement Guide Create an outline that includes details that support your thesis. Identify at least three main points and at least two supporting details per main point. Write all supporting details and subdetails in complete sentences. Include both in-text citations in the outline and a references page following the outline. Many of your supporting details and subdetails will need in-text citations. Outline only the body of your paper (notRead MoreDetailed Outline. 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External Reserach †Childcare Level 3 Free Essays

string(59) " and also allow children to know what is expected of them\." ‘’It is important to plan to meet the care and learning needs of all children. ’’ External research CACHE LEVEL 3 DIPLOMA IN CHILDCARE AND EDUCATION Introduction Criteria 1 – Criteria 2 – The first stage of the learning cycle is planning and this is where you plan for the children activities that will be carried out throughout the time at placement and these activities need to be planned for the needs of all children. When practitioners are planning the activity they need to consider the resources, if the activity is age stage appropriate, any protective clothing that may be need during the activity, health and safety and how all the children will be included together, not discriminating any child because of their age, gender, abilities or disability. We will write a custom essay sample on External Reserach – Childcare Level 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The second stage is where the planned activity takes places and during this the children will carry out the activity to help them, learn and develop in all aspects of development; social, emotional, physical, and intellectual and language development. It also allows practitioners to observe the children during play activities. When practitioners observe, they look for the child’s development and abilities. The third and last stage of the cycle is to review and this is when the practitioner looks back and reflects on the activity (reflect on it) to see where they can improve. The planning cycle is used to meets care needs of children, learning needs of children, help them develop and help them to develop and learn different stages of development. I have seen this happen at placement where the practitioners were planning an activity along the lines of previously noticing a group of boys enjoy playing with the cars and after noticing this, they decided to carry out a work sheet using cars to teach them how to count. When planning this activity, they considered the abilities of the children, the health and safety as well as resources needed. During this activity the practitioners were observing to see how the children were coping, child’s development stages and what the children were learning during the activity. Once the activity has taken place the practitioners reviewed it by using a reflective cycle. A long term goal is something you want to achieve over a long period of time normal one year or five years. In a school a long term plan is used to cover all aspects of the National Curriculum whereas in a Nursery a long term plan would cover all aspects of the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS, 2012). The practitioners would plan for whole year of children’s time at the setting and it meets the care needs of children by planning for their holidays. It cares for the learning needs of children because it plans to provide the best use of resources and equipment available and the environment in which the children will learn in. This can be a disadvantage because the planning doesn’t allow for immediate changes on a day to day or termly basis. A long term plan would be covering a curriculum plan because it sets goals, develops strategies and outlines tasks and schedules within the setting. It meets the care needs of children by allowing the practitioners to provide supporting activities for the individual needs of the children and meets the hearing needs by having opportunities that challenge the children, varied types of activities such as adult- led, child-led and free play by learning indoors and outdoors. Practitioners have a meeting ever term and plan for activities and task for the whole school term of the child to help support and develop their care and learning needs in the best possible way to allow each individual child to achieve the next stage. A medium term goal is something that you build upon from a short team goal. Practitioners would plan termly/monthly by building upon the short term plans. It meets the learning needs of children by looking at the themes. Medium term planning in my placement considers a central theme spread across a number of weeks: A short term goal is achieving something in the near future for example: within a week. Practitioners would do daily plans and observe the children in order to be able to make changes in the plan to meet individual unique child’s needs. It meets the learning needs of children because it can be immediately changed on a daily basis or weekly basis according to the child’s individual learning needs, abilities and disabilities as well as their likes and dislike to help them move forward in their development and develop their skills. In my current placement practitioners saw a group of boys enjoying playing with the cars. Later on that same day the practitioners got an idea to plan activities around that theme for the following week to help the 2 to 5 years olds learn to count up to 20 which helps the practitioners to encourage and interest the children’s learning by using things that they like to help meet their needs in order for them to develop. Routines are tasks, chores, or duties done as regularly as possible or at specified time of the day e. g. typical or every day. It can also be activities happing during the same time period in the day, such as lunch, reading, or playground time. In a childcare setting, a routine maybe having meal times three times a day or having rest time after lunch. They are used for teaching them to be prepared for adult life and helping them to understand their duties. It is important that adults stimulate children’s minds, social skills, emotional and bodies with ro utines for them to be able to learn and remember these different routines for the future. Routines meet care needs of children because they make children feel safe and build’s the child’s confidence. Routines meet children’s learning needs because the children will learn everyday skill and also allow children to know what is expected of them. You read "External Reserach – Childcare Level 3" in category "Papers" I have experienced many different routines throughout my work placements; I have recently seen a routine for the whole day which is in my appendix 2. Criteria 3 – Criteria 4 – Effective planning is something that works well. It also meets the children’s individual needs and helps identify a path of achievement. There are eight feature to effective planning; support for practitioners, effective planning, sharing best practice, knowing the child, encourage reflection, helps with translation and makes it requirement and enjoyable. Effective planning involves around the child. Curriculum plans can be done and allows for practitioners to meet the children’s learning and care needs over a long period of time. This does not always work because each child is individual and they develop skills and abilities at their own time. To make this work effectively practitioners could use a SMART target to plan over the week for each individual child according to their likes, dislikes and what they can and can’t do. Practitioners could combine both the curriculum plan and Smart target by using the planning cycle, long term and short term plans to make it effective because this allows for all children to learn and develop at their own time and achieve their next stage up. Within my setting practitioners plan effectively by using the SMART target to plan for the week ahead and combine this with using the curriculum plan to do and review over the next month for every child. Once they have observed the activity and child, they then plan activity according to their observation. A combination of planning tools are used in settings to give practitioners good outcomes, meet children’s needs and learning needs and don’t allow practitioners to plan, do and review. I have noticed in my previous setting that practitioners use one type of plan which is the short term plan because they plan weekly for their activities whereas in my current placement practitioners use a range of plans such as a weekly plan along side an activity plan and a medium plan. If effective planning wasn’t used practitioners would be having bad management in organising activities, practitioners will not get the outcome they are looking for easily, children needs will not be meet to the best interest and they may not be able develop their skills and development well enough because they don’t have the assess to the appropriate activities and resources (age stage). Criteria 5 – Having an appropriate environment in place to support care and learning needs is important because practitioners should make sure that the environment is safe and secure for the children as well as welcoming and warm. It also needs to be stimulating for the children to be able to explore and investigate in. This is stated by Early Years foundation stage (EYFS, 2012) who states that it is important to plan and provide an appropriate environment both indoors and outdoors throughout the day. The Reggio Emilio approach focuses on both the outdoor and indoor environment as equally important because they both allow children to explore and discover, free play and creative thinking. Reggio believed that the indoor and outdoor nvironment stimulates children’s learning, children develop socially and they can express themselves in any way they want. Reggio pre-schools believes in having discovery, stimulating learning environments (both indoor and outdoor) for children to be able to reflect on their own learning and record the children’s learning progress (Tassoni, 2007) This approach can benefit children as it allows them to work more closely with the adult to help stimulate their skills, abil ities and development within their environment. Children’s play is carried out in a learning environment which is characterised by both indoor and outdoor learning to help children move on in their development stage and it needs to be safe for children to play and learn in where they are protected and supervised at all times by an adult. It is vital to have the appropriate equipment at the child’s level in both the outdoor and indoor environment to help support the learning they need as well as meet each child’s individual needs. Both theorists also support the learning needs of children by allowing them to physical, socially, emotionally, intellectually, cognitive and language develop. ‘’ A good early childhood environment meets the child’s basic needs and supports and encourages children to engage in activities that implement the programme’s curriculum. ’’ (Exteral research/creating-indoor-environments-for-young-children. htm 1997-2012) Criteria 6 – Care needs are supporting the children’s personal care needs such as feeding, sleeping and hygiene. It helps children to become independent and teaches them life skills. The theorist which supports this is Maslow (1943) and his hierarchy of need. It concerns the responsibility of adults to care and provide a safe environment that encourages and enables the adults to support and meet all the needs of an individual child. These needs include; physical, emotional, social, and intellectual and are shown in the model and diagram of the pyramid five stages. The framework that supports care needs is the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) (2012) and they influences day to day practice by making sure each practitioner follows the correct curriculum framework within their practice and care for the children. ‘’There is also a range of supporting guidance on implementing the EYFS requirements which should be used alongside the Statutory Framework. In particular: Development Matters – which provides guidance on observing, assessing and planning for each child’s individual learning and development, a know how guide for progress check at age two – which gives case studies and templates to support you with the requirement to provide parents with a written summary of their child’s learning and development between their second and third birthday, EYFS for parents – which you should personalise to your setting to help you meet the requirement of informing parents how the EYFS is delivered. ’’ (czone. eastsussex. gov. uk 2012) Criteria 7 – Jean Piaget’s (1948) theory of play is play-based curriculums were all children are actively involved in their learning. He said that children go through four stages of development; Piaget (1948) theory of play is thought that ‘’learning is an active process in which children draw conclusions though exploration. He called these conclusions schemas. ’’ (Tassoni. P et al 2007 Pg 284). Piaget (1948) is a key influence on children learning (Tassoni, 2007). His theory supports and extends children’s learning needs because he believed that children will learn when they are ready to learn. Vygotsky’s (1978) theory is based on zone of proximal learning. His theory supports children’s learning needs because he believed that children will learn cooperative activities set up for them where the less able children can learn and get help from the more advanced children. Vygotsky (1978) believed that if a child is at the zone of proximal for an activity and getting help from the adult, will allow the child to boost their achievement of the activity (simplypsychology. org 2010-2012). Criteria 8– Piaget (1984) theory of play has 4 types of play; physical play mastery play, symbolic play and constructive play. He thinks that play is assimilating and children make their own environment through the four different type of play. Piaget (1948) believed that children adapt and develop on their own experience. It is recognised in placement by practitioners because it gives them a guideline on the teaching they should be providing children with and enhance the children to develop their learning and skills. Practitioners could do this by respecting the children’s ideas, suggestions and opinions when they carry out an activity or task. Planning is early years settings should be used because it helps practitioners to get to know the child better by observing them in order to meet each individual child’s needs and plan accordingly to their stage of development and abilities to future help them develop their skills, abilities and development. They should plan for this by using weekly plans because each child is unique and they develop at their own rate which will allow them to make daily/weekly changes according to what they observe and see the children do and learn. Bibliography: Books: Tassoni. Penny, Kate. Beith, Kath. Bulum and Harriet. Eldridge (2007) CACHE level 3 Child Care and Education 4th edition, London: Heinemann Websites: East Sussex County Council (2012) – Early Years Foundation Stage [online] available at: https://czone. eastsussex. gov. uk/supportingchildren/childcare/support/eyfs/Pages/main. aspx Assessed on: 6th November 2012 How to cite External Reserach – Childcare Level 3, Papers

Colgate Case Study free essay sample

Colgate-Palmolive is recognized as the global leader in household and personal care products. Prior to the 1990s, consumers were satisfied with toothbrushes that were aesthetically pleasing. As therapeutic toothbrush sales rose it became obvious that consumers were becoming increasingly concerned with their oral health, specifically their gums. As a result, the toothbrush industry experienced a massive arrival of worthy competitors and the formation of a niche or premium market. In order to gain an edge each competitor worked on developing new toothbrush technology and forming alliances with dental professionals, expanding advertising budgets and offering promotions that would capture a consumer’s attention. Some of Colgate’s key competitors included Gillette, Johnson Johnson, Proctor and Gamble, and Smithkline Beecham. Each of these companies owned products that appealed to consumers for various reasons and for an everyday purchase was relatively inexpensive. For example, Gillette’s toothbrush featured indicator bristles that signal the consumer when to change toothbrushes. We will write a custom essay sample on Colgate Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition, in 1992, Gillette announced that it would restage its dental floss, roll out a new mouthwash, and possibly introduce specialty toothpaste in efforts to be the leader in the oral care category. On the other hand, Johnson Johnson offered the reach design that cleans in hard to reach places. Crest Complete created the rippled bristle design that reaches between teeth like a dental tool. Finally, Smithkline Beecham offered a pressure sensitive, flexible neck linking brush that prevents gum irritation. Compare Consumer Behavior for Toothbrushes and Toothpaste The majority of consumers were not focused in detail on dental products although everyone faces the risk of gum disease and plaque buildup. Based on the research presented in the case, consumers of the baby boom generation have become increasingly concerned about oral hygiene. Some consumers aim to avoid oral care problems while others focus mainly on preventing bad breath and maintaining white teeth. It was noted that consumers generally believed that both toothbrushes and toothpastes were important in achieving effective oral hygiene, the presence of uninvolved consumers affected sales because they tend to make adjustments only when confronted by oral hygiene problems. Increasing the demand for toothpaste proved to be difficult and any new brands tended to decrease the sales of existing toothpaste products. However, it was noted that for the toothbrush category, increased advertising and special promotions generated a greater demand as the consumer was provided with additional options. Colgate-Palmolive has been able to maintain its substantially high percentage of sales in both the toothpaste and toothbrush market. Arguments for launching Precision as (a) a Niche Product and (b) Mainstream Brand Launching Precision into the market mix would give Colgate-Palmolive sufficient supply to meet the demand for a niche product. Precision would also not take away from other product offerings from CP’s various other product offerings. Precision would in many ways provide additional help to other product’s like floss and mouth wash with its ability to remove more plague. Through studies conducted using infrared technology it was determined that no matter how a consumer brushed their teeth, (vertical or back and forth) the design of precision would achieve the goal of removing more plague from the gums and between teeth, making Precision a mainstream brand. Another option that CP has is to enter the Precision toothbrush as a niche, super-premium product. As a niche product, compared to the other CP models, Precision would be expected to earn roughly 32% volume share and 46% value share. One positive factor of introducing the Precision as a niche product is not only would it give Colgate enough time to build up a stock of the product, CP would also be able to avoid taking the Children’s Plus model off store shelves. With the Precision toothbrush, CP could finally introduce a super-premium product into the mix and give the therapeutic consumer segment some much needed attention. Recommendation Create a comprehensive product that appeals to all consumers with minimal advertising and marketing costs. Launch as a niche product because there remains a large segment of consumers who only demand the basics in oral hygiene. Precision could be introduced as Colgate’s premiere product.